Animal pollinators mediate gene flow among plant populations, but, in contrast to well-studied topographic and (Pleistocene) environmental isolating barriers, their impact on population genetic differentiation remains largely unexplored. Comparatively investigating how these multifarious factors drive microevolutionary histories is, however, crucial for better resolving macroevolutionary patterns of plant diversification. We here combined genomic analyses with landscape genetics and niche modelling across six related Neotropical plant species (424 individuals across 33 localities) differing in pollination strategy to test the hypothesis that highly mobile (vertebrate) pollinators more effectively link isolated localities than less mobile (bee) pollinators. We found consistently higher genetic differentiation (FST) among localities of bee- than vertebrate-pollinated species with increasing geographic distance, topographic barriers and historic climatic instability. High admixture among montane populations further suggested relative climatic stability of Neotropical montane forests during the Pleistocene. Overall, our results indicate that pollinators may differentially impact the potential for allopatric speciation, thereby critically influencing diversification histories at macroevolutionary scales.

Objective To explore the risk signals of osteonecrosis of jaw induced by antiresorptive drugs and provide references for the clinical safety application. Method Based on the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from January 2004 to June 2021, We chosen ‘Osteonecrosis of jaw’ as Preferred Terms (PT) and antiresorptive drugs. We used proportional reporting ratio (PRR), odds ratio (reporting odds ratio, ROR), Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN) and multi-item Gamma-Poisson contraction (MGPS) algorithm to evaluate the association between drugs and adverse events. Results 27,065 reports related to osteonecrosis of the jaw in the FAERS dated from January 2004 to June 2021 . A total of 9 antiresorptive agents were included in the analysis. Affected patients tended to be older than 65 years. Most cases were reported from North America (39.82%) and Europe (36.15%) and were submitted by health-care professionals (81.44%). Pamidronate and clodronic acid showed a higher score than the other agents in every method. Zoledronic acid and denosumab were reported more than other agents.. Rate of hospitalization due to antiresorptive-related osteonecrosis of the jaw was from 7.66% to 28.78%; rate of fatality was from 0 to 12.78%. Conclusion All antiresorptive drugs may cause ONJ, and ONJ can be effectively prevented. Practitioners should consider the factors that may increase the likelihood of ONJ. The findings support a continued surveillance and risk factor identification studies.

The classification of some Turdus species, such as the Naumann’s and dusky thrush complexes and the red-throated and black-throated thrush complexes, is controversial. Herein, we used molecular data (mitochondrial genes and microsatellite loci) and morphological characters to review the taxonomy of these thrush complexes and analyze the genetic differentiation between them. Our phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial genes indicated that all haplotypes could be divided into two reciprocally monophyletic sister clades corresponding to these two thrush complexes. The same results were revealed by coalescence-based species delimitation. Therefore, these two thrush complexes should be divided into two separate species (T. naumanni and T. ruficollis) and include two subspecies per species according to combined characters from morphological analyses and multilocus approaches. The above classifications were also supported by an analysis of genetic differentiation between T. naumanni and T. ruficollis and within each species. Moreover, there was significant mixing between these two thrush species in the neighbor-joining (NJ) tree and the cluster analysis of microsatellite loci. This led to a pattern of nuclear-mitochondrial discordance between the two species. This could be the result of extensive nuclear introgression between these two sister species. We also provide a potential explanation for the mechanism of gene introgression and nuclear-mitochondrial discordance between the two bird species.

Objective: To summarize the accuracy of artificial intelligence (AI) computer vision algorithms to classify ear disease from otoscopy. Methods: Using the PRISMA guidelines, nine online databases were searched for articles that used AI methods (convolutional neural networks, artificial neural networks, support vector machines, decision trees, k-nearest neighbors) to classify otoscopic images. Diagnostic classes of interest: normal tympanic membrane, acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME), chronic otitis media (COM) with or without perforation, cholesteatoma, and canal obstruction. Main Outcome Measures: Accuracy to correctly classify otoscopic images compared to otolaryngologists (ground-truth). The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies Version 2 tool was used to assess the quality of methodology and risk of bias. Results: Thirty-nine articles were included. Algorithms achieved 90.7% (95%CI: 90.1 – 91.3%) accuracy to difference between normal or abnormal otoscopy images in 14 studies. The most common multi-classification algorithm (3 or more diagnostic classes) achieved 97.6% (95%CI: 97.3.- 97.9%) accuracy to differentiate between normal, AOM and OME in 3 studies. Compared to manual classification, AI algorithms outperformed human assessors to classify otoscopy images achieving 93.4% (95%CI: 90.5 – 96.4%) versus 73.2% (95%CI: 67.9 – 78.5%) accuracy in 3 studies. Convolutional neural networks achieved the highest accuracy compared to other classification methods. Conclusion: AI can classify ear disease from otoscopy. A concerted effort is required to establish a comprehensive and reliable otoscopy database for algorithm training. An AI-supported otoscopy system may assist health care workers, trainees, and primary care practitioners with less otology experience identify ear disease.

Gastrocolic fistulas represent a serious but rare complication of Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). A 90-year-old male with multiple comorbidities and high preoperative risk develops one. He was successfully treated with expectant management.

This is a Letter and does not include an abstract.

Most studies on animals have conducted comparative studies to deduce the possible relationships among developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity, there is a lack of direct evidence in plants, which should be better study materials. To investigate the correlations among developmental stability, canalization and plasticity in plants, we conducted a field experiment with Abutilon theophrasti, by subjected plants to three densities under infertile vs. fertile soil conditions, and measured leaf size, leaf fluctuating asymmetry (FA), and calculated coefficient of variation among leaves within individuals (CVleaf) and among individuals (CVin) and relative plasticity (PIrel) and its degree in leaf size at three growth stages, to analyze the responses of their correlations to density and how they may vary with soil conditions or growth stages. Results showed a decrease of FA, CVleaf and PIrel and an increase of CVin in leaf size, with increased density. In most cases, there were no correlations among these variables, but negative correlations between CVin and PIrel, positive correlations between FA and PIrel at high density and/or in fertile soil, in infertile soil. It suggested that higher FA may indicate the state of faster growth rather than an indicator of environmental stresses; there are correlations among developmental stability, canalization and plasticity, which may be complex, affected by other factors. The loss of developmental stability may be beneficial for plant response to environmental stresses, while decreased canalization can be either disadvantageous or advantageous, depending on that the size variation results from an increase or decrease of smaller individuals, and whether its correlations with other variables reflect beneficial or adverse environmental effects.

The large majority of germline alterations identified in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene PMS2, a low-penetrance gene for the cancer predisposition Lynch Syndrome (LS, OMIM 120435), represent variants of unknown significance (VUS). The inability to assess pathogenicity of such VUS interferes with personalized healthcare. The complete in vitro MMR activity (CIMRA) assay, that only requires sequence information on the VUS, provides a functional analysis-based tool suited for VUS classification. To derive a formula that translates CIMRA assay results for PMS2 VUS into the odds of pathogenicity (OddsPath), we used a set of clinically classified PMS2 variants, supplemented by inactivating variants generated by an in cellulo genetic screen, as proxies for pathogenic variants. Validation of this OddsPath revealed very high predictive values for PMS2 VUS. We conclude that this OddsPath provides an integral metric that, similar to the other, higher penetrance, MMR proteins MSH2, MLH1 and MSH6, can be incorporated into the upcoming criteria for MMR gene VUS classification of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG/AMP). This will represent a seminal step forward in enabling personalized healthcare for individuals suspected of LS and their relatives.

Since the beginning of time, viruses and bacteria have been a part of human life. Several types of sterilization systems were used to disinfect these viruses and bacteria all over the world. These methods were varied according to ethnics. With the advancement of technology, people used to find new disinfection methods. Ultraviolet, Ozone, Negative Ions were some of those methods that were used to disinfect bacteria and viruses. Most of the disinfector units, use one of the above-mentioned methods for disinfection. The aim is to carry out various experiments using ultraviolet light, ozone, and ionization under different environmental conditions to measure the efficiency of these disinfection methods

ABSTRACTWe are reporting a case of a patient who was brought to our emergency department after having sustained a penetrating buttock trauma and we are discussing about the importance of good Inter-hospital collaboration to provide patients with early access to Major Trauma Centres with a specific focus on Northern Ireland protocols.Our patient is a 54-year-old lady who fell from a stepladder onto the metallic base of an artificial Christmas tree causing the stem of the tree to impale her through her right buttock into her pelvis.Despite the impressive mechanism of injury, there was no immediate life-threatening bleed and the patient was subsequently transferred to the local Major Trauma Centre for expert surgical management but suffered significant delays due to suboptimal communication and lack of clear transfer pathways.Current literature recognises that penetrating gluteal trauma should be considered a life-threatening injury and this case highlights learning points around the management of penetrating trauma in terms of investigations, early transfer and definitive surgical treatment.We discuss about the initial management, imaging and surgical considerations for this case. We also discuss about the current recommendations for early transfer between smaller centres to Major Trauma Centres and the Northern Ireland specific protocols that have been introduced by the Northern Ireland Major Trauma Network. We focus on the Call and Send protocol and on the NIMTN Major Trauma Triage Tool.

Uremic pneumonitis is a medical emergency, clinicians need to be alert to this severe complication from uremia, particulary in patients with limited access to healthcare.

The homozygous M694V mutation in the MEFV gene may cause an augmented response to the streptococcal infection that plays a role in the development of APSGN and PAN. Both clinical manifestations may occur simultaneously after streptococcal infection in a child who is previously healthy but carries a MEFV mutation.

There is much concern about disruption of endocrine physiology regulated by steroid hormones in humans, other terrestrial vertebrates and fish by industrial chemicals, such as bisphenol A, and pesticides, such as DDT. These endocrine-disrupting chemicals influence steroid-mediated physiology in humans and other vertebrates by competing with steroids for receptor binding sites, disrupting diverse responses involved in reproduction, development and differentiation. Here I discuss that due to evolution of the progesterone receptor (PR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) after ray-finned fish and terrestrial vertebrates diverged from a common ancestor, each receptor evolved to respond to different steroids in ray-finned fish and terrestrial vertebrates. In elephant shark, a cartilaginous fish, ancestral to ray-finned fish and terrestrial vertebrates, both progesterone and 17,20b-dihydroxy-progesterone activate the PR. During the evolution of ray-finned fish and terrestrial vertebrates, the PR in terrestrial vertebrates continued responding to progesterone and evolved to weakly respond to 17,20b-dihydroxy-progesterone. In contrast, the physiological progestin for the PR in zebrafish and other ray-finned fish is 17,20b-dihydroxy-progesterone, and ray-finned fish PR responds weakly to progesterone. The MR in fish and terrestrial vertebrates also diverged to have different responses to progesterone. Progesterone is a potent agonist for elephant shark MR, zebrafish MR and other fish MRs, in contrast to progesterone's opposite activity as an antagonist for aldosterone, the physiological 2 mineralocorticoid for human MR. These different physiological ligands for fish and terrestrial vertebrate PR and MR need to be considered in applying data for their disruption by chemicals in fish and terrestrial vertebrates to each other.

Understanding how droughts propagate through the hydrological cycle from precipitation to streamflow and groundwater is important for improving water and risk management policies. At the catchment scale, the analysis of drought propagation and classification into drought types is usually done manually, which can be time consuming and difficult to replicate. Here, we developed an automated, objective procedure for classification of different drought types with the aim to study drought propagation in the tropics. The method was applied to the Savegre catchment in Costa Rica as a proof-of-concept. We first confirmed that drought events in the catchment could be classified into the process-based typology from the literature: classical rainfall deficit drought, wet-to-dry season drought, and composite drought. The automation algorithm was able to replicate the classification obtained with the manual typology with the exception of two events, and thus it is a development towards objective and time efficient hydrological drought analysis in tropical catchments. Most of the detected hydrological droughts (80% and 76% of all river discharge and baseflow droughts, respectively) were classical rainfall deficit droughts, which suggests that climate plays a more important role in drought development than catchment characteristics in this catchment. However, the importance of catchment characteristics was revealed by the presence of severe composite drought events and by the attenuation of significant precipitation droughts.

The bed of the step-pool rivers is adapted to the flow conditions in terms of the topographic position and the steep slope of the path in such a way to dissipate the water energy, along the river. The beds of these rivers is sinusoidal like the meander rivers. However, as the river banks are mostly rocky in mountainous areas and the erosion in these areas is less, the bed fluctuation of these reaches is mainly vertical. When the water flow streams from the step crest into the pool, most of the water energy dissipates. In addition to the height difference, other factors contribute to the energy dissipation in the step pool reaches. The present study examines the energy dissipation by determining its effective factors, including step height (H), step length (L), hydraulic radius (R), sediment material diameter (d84), velocity in the step (V), etc. by field measurements in three reaches of mountain rivers. In the same vein, an equation is provided to estimate energy dissipation in the step pool reaches, by considering measurable effective parameters.

Density estimation is a key goal in ecology but accurate estimates remain elusive, especially for unmarked animals. Data from camera-trap networks combined with new density estimation models can bridge this gap but recent research has shown marked variability in accuracy, precision, and concordance among estimators. We extend this work by comparing estimates from two different classes of models: unmarked spatial capture-recapture (spatial count, SC) models, and Time In Front of Camera (TIFC) models, a class of random encounter model. We estimated density for four large mammal species with different movement rates, behaviours, and sociality, as these traits directly relate to model assumptions. TIFC density estimates were typically higher than SC model estimates for all species. Black bear TIFC estimates were ~ 10-fold greater than SC estimates. Caribou TIFC estimates were 2-10 fold greater than SC estimates. White-tailed deer TIFC estimates were up to 100-fold greater than SC estimates. Differences of 2-5 fold were common for other species in other years. SC estimates were annually stable except for one social species; TIFC estimates were highly annually variable in some cases and consistent in others. Tests against densities obtained from DNA surveys and aerial surveys also showed variable concordance and divergence. For gregarious animals TIFC may outperform SC due to the latter model’s assumption of independent activity centres. For curious animals likely to investigate camera traps, SC may outperform TIFC, which assumes animal behavior is unaffected by cameras. Unmarked models offer great possibilities, but a pragmatic approach employs multiple estimators where possible, considers the ecological plausibility of assumptions, and uses an informed multi-inference approach to seek estimates from models with assumptions best fitting a species’ biology.

here we report a case of cutaneous Pseudolymphoma progression to frank cutaneous lymphoma and resistant to conventional therapy after receiving Platelet-rich plasma and hair transplantation .these modalities and their proliferative formulation may be the leading cause or aggravating factor for such transformation's specially for patients with positive family history,

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease, characterized by symmetric and destructive polyarthritis with a broad spectrum clinical manifestation of various organs. Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis (RND) is an unusual distinctive manifestation of RA and typically develops in severe RA. 51-year-old female presented with a skin rash involving her extremities.

Vaccinated people think they are completely immune to Covid-19 and cannot infect others. This is a false assumption. In November 2020, Europe was on the brink of a triage situation. Now it's November again, a year later, and the situation has worsened despite vaccination campaigns. What went wrong?

Rationale, Aims, and Objectives: Physical inactivity and sedentary levels represent one of the major threats to public health. Physical activity on prescription (PAP) is an emerging preventive and treatment resource for chronic diseases at Health-care Settings. This study aimed to analyze the self-perception at primary health-care (PHC) nurses and general practitioners (GPs) toward PAP implementation in PHC centers. Methods: Two semi-structured group interviews were performed separately, with five GPs and nurses working in the PHC system in the region of Madrid (Spain). An expert psychologist guided each semi-structured session. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and consensually analyzed using a mixed content analysis. Results: Half of the PHC staff considered themselves physically active and were convinced that physically active staff behavior could facilitate PAP with patients. Both GPs and nurses showed a lack of knowledge of exercise prescription but were interested in PAP and motivational training courses, as well as leadership or to collaborate under a multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary PAP approach. Some of the most relevant self-perceived PAP barriers were a confident method to measure sedentary and physical activity levels. Besides lack of staff awareness, time of consultation, and improving local community relationships and PAP policies strategies. Conclusions: There are some common self-perceptions, barriers, and facilitators among PHC nurses and GPs for PAP implementation. Following a socio-ecologic approach, this organizational data provides further insight to design a future cost-effective policy strategy to improve patient health and health-care system sustainability.

Nucleotides metabolism is a fundamental process in all organisms. Two families of nucleoside phosphorylases (NP) that catalyze the phosphorolytic cleavage of the glycosidic bond in nucleosides have been found, including the trimeric or hexameric NP-I and dimeric NP-II family enzymes. Recently studies revealed another class of NP protein in E. coli named Pyrimidine/purine nucleoside phosphorylase (ppnP), which can catalyze the phosphorolysis of diverse nucleosides and yield D-ribose 1-phosphate and the respective free bases. Here, we solve the crystal structures of ppnP from E. coli and the other three species. Our studies revealed that the structure of ppnP belongs to the Rlmc-like cupin fold and showed as a rigid dimeric conformation. Detail analysis revealed a potential nucleoside binding pocket full of hydrophobic residues. And the residues involved in the dimer and pocket formation are all well conserved in bacteria. Since the cupin fold is a large superfamily in the biosynthesis of natural products, our studies provide the structural basis for understanding and the directed evolution of NP proteins.

Working landscapes represent >60% of terrestrial landscapes and thus represent opportunities for biodiversity conservation outside of traditional protected areas. For long, biodiversity conservation and crop productivity have been seen as mutually exclusive options. Here, we use a unique dataset that includes annual monitoring of 12,300 permanent 25 ha-plots over two decades across Spain to assess how working landscapes are changing over time and how these changes affect their ability to ensure high yields. We find that win-win strategies that are good for biodiversity conservation can also lead to increasing crop yields. Specifically, we find that management practices that favor increasing biodiversity values such as maintaining small field sizes and high crop richness values at the landscape scale actually lead to the greatest yield values across 54 crops considered. Win-win scenarios for biodiversity conservation and crop productivity are thus possible, yet not as widespread as they could be.

Cordyceps is a large group of entomogenous, medicinally important fungi. In this study, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the entire mitochondrial genome of O. xuefengensis, in addition to comparing it against three other complete cordyceps mitogenomes that were previously published. Comparative analysis indicated that the four complete mitogenomes are all composed of circular DNA molecules, although their sizes significantly differ due to high variability in intron and intergenic region sizes in the O. sinensis and O. xuefengensis mitogenomes. All mitogenomes contain 14 conserved genes and two ribosomal RNA genes, but varying numbers of tRNA introns. The Ka/Ks ratios for all 14 PCGs and rps3 were all less than 1, indicating that these genes have been subject to purifying selection. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using concatenated amino acid and nucleotide sequences of the 14 PCGs and rps3 using two different methods (Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analysis), revealing highly supported relationships between O. xuefengensis and other Ophiocordyceps species, in addition to a close relationship with O. sinensis. Further, the analyses indicated that cox1 and rps3 play important roles in population differentiation. These mitogenomes will allow further study of the population genetics, taxonomy, and evolutionary biology of medicinally important cordyceps species.

We consider a nonautonomous eco-epidemiological model with general functions for predation on infected and uninfected preys as well as general functions associated to the vital dynamics of the susceptible prey and predator populations. We obtain persistence and extinction results for the infected prey based on assumptions on auxiliary systems constructed from the disease-free system. We moreover consider an iterative process that can improve the extinction results. We apply our results to general eco-epidemiological models that include several examples existent in the literature.