Fat embolism is a potentially life-threatening condition that can develop after trauma or lower limb orthopaedic surgery. Characterized as a triad of respiratory, neurological and cutaneous symptoms. High index of suspicion is important. Rapid recognition and supportive treatment are key in improving the outcome. The prognosis is usually good.

Underestimating the impact of complexity is an important reason for the poor performance of large-scale construction project management. The purpose of this paper is to improve the understanding of the perceived complexity of contractors, identify the complexity factors of construction projects in China, and provide basic research results for the treatment of complexity. From the perspective of contractors in the construction implementation stage, the literature on construction projects complexity is sorted out, and 17 initial indicators of influencing factors are determined through document analysis and expert interviews. Taking 130 questionnaires as samples, 17 influencing factors passed reliability and validity tests. Through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), a four-dimensional framework for influencing factors of perceived complexity of construction project contractors is proposed, including Social Complexity, Environment Complexity, Technical Complexity and Stakeholder Complexity. Among those factors, the project funding, geological conditions, survey and design quality, stakeholder relationships are the key factors affecting the perceived complexity of construction project contractors in China. The research results are mainly applied in the field of construction project complexity management, which can provide basis and reference for the complexity management of railway, highway, subway and other large engineering construction projects.

A patient with schizoaffective disorder and receiving long-term treatment with lithium developed prolonged delirium. She had recently been diagnosed with stage IIIC1 endometrial cancer and presented a deteriorating general condition. Toxic levels of lithium were measured in serum. After hemodialysis, lithium levels gradually decreased and the symptoms disappeared completely.

In this paper, we consider switched systems that allow discontinuous jumps in the state when switching occurs. In particular we analyze the case where these jumps are dictated by a state reset rule. We show that it is possible to study the state trajectories of a switched system with state reset by means of some switched systems without state resets, i.e., with continuous state trajectories. We establish some sufficient conditions for stability of switched systems with state reset using the associated systems without reset. The obtained results are used in numerical examples to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

A document by Diptiben Ghelani, written on Authorea.

Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions worldwide with profound impact on health resulting in reduced quality of life, early death. Deposition of excess fatty acids (FAs) into fat cells in the form of triglycerides (TGs) is the biochemical basis of obesity, thus any imbalance in food intake and energy utilization may result in obesity. This homeostasis is complex and is regulated by a host of metabolic and endocrine factors which are poorly understood. Obesity contributes to pathologies, such as the metabolic syndrome (MetS), cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, endothelial dysfunction [ED] and testosterone deficiency (hypogonadism). An increases in the prevalence of overweight (body mass index (BMI) 25-29.9 kg m−2) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg m−2) in adult men by more than 25% in the last 8 years according to WHO estimates. Overweight and moderate obesity is predominantly associated with reductions in total testosterone; whereas, free testosterone levels remain within the reference range, especially in younger men. Reductions in total testosterone levels are largely a consequence of reductions in sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) due to obesity-associated hyperinsulinemia. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) are used for weight loss and insulin dose reduction in obese insulin-using type 2 diabetic patients. A plausible mechanism by which GLP-1 RA may induce weight loss is by suppressing appetite signalling in the brain and increasing satiety, leading to a reduced food intake [9, 10]. GLP-1 receptors are present in the central nervous system suggesting direct actions of GLP-1 in the brain [11]. GLP-1 infusions can enhance satiety and reduce energy intake in type 2 diabetes patients [12]. Furthermore, GLP-1 RA attenuates binge eating in obese patients [13], suggesting a role of GLP-1 RA in certain eating types. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis including 2.8 million people and 270 000 deaths reported increased overall mortality only in those with extreme obesity (BMI > 35 kg m−2, hazard ratio (HR) 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18-1.41), but not in grade 1 obesity (BMI

This document presents a in reference to the developments in AI and ML to make the grading and feedback process easier. Building machines which comprehend and react to text or voice data-and answer with text or speech from their own a manner closer to that of humans is the goal of natural language processing. Grading is a tiresome and time-consuming procedure, and it's frequently difficult to get regular feedbacks. So, to goal is to implement AI and machine learning algorithms to facilitate in grading and/or provide comments on submitted curriculum in the field of education and training using NLP. Modern computing necessitates sorting algorithms and their implementations to be more efficient in sorting huge data sets, both in terms of time and memory used. In order to choose an algorithm depending on the properties of the data set, this paper reviews a variety of adaptive sorting algorithms. By analyzing the trial data, machine learning enables us to build an adaptable algorithm

The main goal of this paper is to develop a control for maintaining the state of charge of the energy storage system which is used to regulate the power/frequency of microgrids and will also act as a spinning reserve to micro-grid fluctuations. SYSTEM DESIGN: One microgrid consists of a DEG, solar PV and wind power, and load. The other microgrid has DEG, wind power, and load. The tie-line connected MMG system has a common ESS. OPERATION CONSIDERATIONS: • In this system, batteries voltage, current, and temperature are controlled centrally. • Tie-line is used to exchange energy between control areas to provide inter-area support in case of a faulted condition. • Algorithm logic here is When the change in frequency (Δf) becomes negative, the ESS supplies power to the system. (This SOC should be more than the predefined value only then ESS will supply power else it won't supply power and once frequency change becomes positive, the system will charge ESS). RESULTS OF RESEARCH: • From 0 to 58s both the microgrids operate independently. • Each DEG supplies the deficit power in the respective MG. • From 58 to 245s surplus renewable energy is available at MG1 and extra energy is transferred from MG1 to MG2 depending on the load demand or stored at ESS. • To operate economically, DEG2 is stopped, and ESS is used as the spinning reserve.

Aim: Quantify identifiable sources of variability, including key pharmacogenetic variants in oxypurinol pharmacokinetics and their pharmacodynamic effect on serum urate. Methods: Hmong participants (n=34) received 100 mg allopurinol twice daily for 7 days followed by 150 mg allopurinol twice daily for 7 days. Serum urates (SU) were obtained pre- and post-allopurinol. Serum oxypurinol concentrations were obtained at times 0, 2, 4, and 6 hours after the last dose. A sequential population pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamics (PKPD) analysis with non-linear mixed-effects modeling evaluated the impact of anthropometrics, concomitant medications, and genetic variants on oxypurinol PKPD parameters. Allopurinol maintenance dose to achieve target SU was simulated based on the final PKPD model. Results: A one-compartment model with first order absorption and elimination best described the oxypurinol concentration-time data. Inhibitory of SU by oxypurinol was described with a direct inhibitory Emax model using steady-state oxypurinol concentrations. Fat-free body mass, estimated creatinine clearance and SLC22A12 rs505802 genotype were found to predict differences in oxypurinol clearance. Oxypurinol concentration required to inhibit 50% of xanthine dehydrogenase activity was affected by PDZK1 rs12129861 genotype. Most individuals with both PDZK1 rs12129861 AA and SLC22A12 rs505802 CC genotypes achieve target SU with allopurinol below the maximum dose, regardless of renal function and body mass. In contrast, individuals with both PDZK1 rs12129861 GG and SLC22A12 rs505802 TT genotypes would require more than the maximum dose, thus alternative medications. Conclusion: The proposed allopurinol dosing guide uses individuals’ fat-free mass, renal function, and SLC22A12 rs505802 and PDZK1 rs12129861 genotypes to achieve target SU.

Background The Organ Care System (OCS) is a revolutionary ex vivo organ perfusion technology that can potentially expand the organ retrieval range. The OCS Lung device uses packed red blood cells (pRBC) with a proprietary solution. We report the ability to reduce blood waste during this procedure by using a thermal packaging solution in conjunction with the OCS platform. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all OCS Lung recoveries performed by our recovery team, using packed red blood cells (pRBC) from May 2019 to January 2021. Initially, units were stored using passive refrigeration with the Performance cooler at a temperature range of 1 to 6 °C for 4 hours. Subsequently, thermal control technology with the ProMed cooler was utilized to maintain the same temperature range for 72 hours. Results Twenty-three recoveries were initiated with 63 pRBC. The Performance cooler was used for eight while the ProMed cooler for thirteen. 37.5% of pRBC transported with the Performance cooler was used within the validated time range, while 25.0% were used beyond the validated time range based on clinical judgment. In addition, 37.5% of pRBC transported with the Performance cooler were returned to the institution after canceled recoveries with an estimated loss of $1,800; the ProMed cooler had no wastage. Conclusions This study showed that using an advanced thermal packaging solution facilitates proper storage of pRBC and represents an advancement for extended donor lung preservation. The elimination of blood wastage in this initial study portends ongoing benefits for the limited blood supply and reduced cost.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection exposes patients with heart failure to a higher risk of morbidity and mortality. In LVAD patients, one of the key problems that can lead to life-threatening low-flow or pump malfunction due to thrombus development in the inflow cannula, device body, or outflow graft, implicating hemodynamic instability, hemolysis, renal or hepatic failure, or cerebral or peripheral thromboembolism. [Endothelial protein C receptor and thrombomodulin levels are elevated along with procoagulants such as factor VIII, P-selectin, and von Willebrand factor and downregulated along with thrombomodulin as a result of the cytokine storm released by endothelial and immune cells. In general ,](#ref-0013) LVAD thrombosis has been found to occur in 2–13% of adult patients who use current continuous-flow devices. However, LVAD thrombosis due to COVID-19 is underreported and a few cases presented. We present a case of accelerated LVAD outflow thrombosis in the setting of COVID-19 infection with multiorgan failure.

Increasing rice yield has always been one of the primary objectives of rice breeding. However, panicle degeneration, a complex phenomenon regulated by many genetic and environmental factors, often occurs in rice-growing regions and severely curbs rice yield. In this study, we obtained a new apical panicle degeneration mutant named ym48, which induces a marked degeneration rate and diminishes the final grain yield. Cellular and physiological analyses revealed that the apical panicle in ym48 undergoes programmed cell death, accompanied by excessive accumulations of peroxides. Following, the panicle degeneration gene OsCAX1a was identified, which was involved in Ca2+ transportation in the ym48 mutant. In OsCAX1a, a relative conserved T to A substitution was noted at the 64th amino acid, which disrupted Ca2+ transport. Hydroponics assays and Ca2+ quantification confirmed that Ca2+ transportation and distribution to apical tissues were restricted and over-accumulated in mutant sheath. RNA-Seq data indicated that the abnormal CBLs (calcineurin b-like proteins) pathway mediated by Ca2+ might occurred in mutant, resulting in the burst of ROS. In general, Ca2+ deficiency in the apical panicle of ym48 mediated by OsCAX1a stimulated the peroxide accumulation and led to the programmed cell death, finally resulted to panicle degeneration. Our results explained the key role of OsCAX1a in Ca2+ transportation and distribution and laid a foundation to further explore the genetic and molecular mechanisms of panicle development and differentiation in rice.

Cardiac involvement of hydatid cyst disease is a rare presentation but may lead to life-threatening complications such as cyst rupture and should be treated surgically A 10-year-old male patient with cranial and complicated cardiac hydatid cyst disease lesions that caused lower extremity peripheral arterial occlusion and aneurysmatic dilatation in the left ventricular apex is presented. Although the patient was in the pediatric age group, the Dor procedure was successfully applied to preserve the ventricular geometry. The Dor procedure for a ventricular aneurysm caused by a cardiac hydatid cyst was rarely applied in the pediatric age group. Inconclusion, this case differs from other cardiac hydatid cysts previously reported in the literature due to the advanced stage of the disease, atypical clinical presentation, and rare complications despite the young age of the case. The surgical method used in treating the patient makes the subject more interesting.

Objective To test whether A-PACs in cranberry juice have an anti-Candida effect in the vagina of women. Design An open, randomized, parallel design study. Setting West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University in China. Population 300 women with Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Methods At baseline, all patients were randomly divided into three groups. Patients in Group1 were treated with standard antifungal therapy; Patients in Group2 received oral Azmasol® (cranberry juice) 16ml daily for 6 days based on the treatment regimen of Group1; Patients in Group3 were given oral Azmasol® 16ml daily for 6 days and vaginal Miconazole suppository 400mg at bedtime for 3 days. Patients who were clinically cured at 7th day follow-up in Group2 received maintenance therapy by oral Azmazol® 8ml every day. Main Outcome Measures The clinical cure rate and disease-free survival were the primary outcomes, and the secondary outcomes included microbiological eradication rates and symptom scores. Results At the 7th day follow-up, both the clinical cure rate in group 2 and group 3 were not-inferior to group 1. Cox regression analysis showed maintenance therapy was not significantly associated with short-term recurrence (HR 0.44 [0.11–1.67]; P=0.23) but significantly associated with long-term recurrence (HR 0.57 [0.33–0.99]; P<0·05). Conclusions A-PACs in cranberry juice can be used as an oral alternative to azole antibiotics for the treatment and prevention of VVC.

Objectives: The aim of the study is to identify the success rate of a repeat cycle of induction of labour (IOL) with prostaglandins, and any association between smoking and patient response to prostaglandin. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Basildon and Thurrock University Hospital, UK. Sample: IOL data from patients at Basildon University Hospital, between 01/01/2021 and 30/03/2021 were included. Methods: Data were retrieved from hospital records and categorised by prostaglandin cycle(s), administration of oxytocin, artificial rupture of membranes (ARM), spontaneous rupture of membranes (SROM), smoking status, patient BMI, age, ethnicity, gestation age, Bishop score, and delivery method (assisted, unassisted, or Caesarean (C-)section). The data were analysed using chi-square, binomial and multinomial logistic regression. Main Outcome Measures: Success rate was interpreted from relative frequencies of delivery method (unassisted, assisted or C-section). Results: Unassisted vaginal delivery (n =121; 48.0%) was the most common outcome with prostaglandin IOL followed by C-section (n = 105 41.7%). Only 10.3% had an assisted vaginal delivery. Of those who had a repeated IOL cycle, 85.7% had a C-section. There was no difference in prostaglandin administration by smoking status or any association between smoking status and mode of delivery in IOL. Conclusion: Repeat cycle of IOL does not enhance the vaginal delivery with only 14.3% unassisted vaginal births. There was no evidence that smoking impacted on response to prostaglandins or method of delivery. Funding: There was no funding for this study. Keywords: artificial rupture of membranes; C-section; repeat induction of labour; spontaneous rupture of membranes; Unassisted vaginal delivery.

In 2022, Monkey pox disease was declared as a Global Health Emergency. With the emergence of an epidemic such as this, it becomes imperative that accurate information is imparted to all the individuals. However, as seen in the case of Covid-19 pandemic, it is evident that people consume most of the information through social media platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter and others. With this, there is a possibility of an increase in dissemination of misinformation which was very well noted in case of Covid-19 Pandemic. Aims: To analyse the information that is available on Instagram regarding Monkey Pox disease and to determine its accuracy. Methodology: A cross-sectional, observational type of study where total of 522 posts were analysed over a period of two days was done. Top 90 posts from the top six monkey pox related hashtags were analysed on the basis of a proforma made of pre-selected questions via the platform google docs and accordingly the results were calculated. Results showed that, most of the posts are descriptive in nature, and only a few(11.65%) were posted by doctors. Most of them were posted by news or other agencies. Some of the posts were from unverified sources as well(27.65%). Discussion: As witnessed in Covid 19, there is prevalent misinformation when a global health emergency is concerned, attributed to vast access to social media platforms. In order to combat this dissemination of false information, such platforms should be regulated and should operate under guidelines of WHO.

We consider the system of linear equations arisen from the finite element discretization of the distributed optimal control problem with time-periodic parabolic equations. A block alternating splitting iteration (BASI) method is presented for solving the obtained system. We prove that the BASI method is unconditionally convergent. We derive the BASI preconditioner and present an estimation formula for the parameter of the BASI preconditioner. Numerical results are presented to verify the efficiency of both the BASI method and the BASI preconditioner. Comparison with some existing methods are also given.

In materials research involving additive manufacturing (AM)-based techniques for fabrication of a wide variety of materials, the latest trend at present is to focus largely on 3D printing (3DP) of nanoceramics, which at present is highly challenging, from both fundamental and industrial viewpoints inspite of the tremendous versatility offered by these techniques in terms of addressing design complexities [1]-[6]. The two main reasons for the same are: (i) low density and (ii) poor mechanical properties of nanoceramic parts fabricated using 3DP techniques [7]-[9]. The fundamental reason behind the two aforementioned features of 3DP-fabricated nanoceramic parts is the huge extent of microstructural inhomogeneity arising primarily due to variation in cooling rates during 'point by point', 'line by line' or 'layer by layer' deposition methodology followed in 3DP techniques [10]-[16], leading to a number of defects in the microstructure [17], [18]. Moreover, the industrial application of nanoceramic parts manufactured using 3DP techniques, is rather limited, primarily owing to the high manufacturing cost associated with these nanoceramic parts. Although, in the last ten years, there has been a considerable volume of work on 3DP-based techniques for manufacturing ceramic parts with enhanced densities and improved mechanical properties, however, there is limited understanding on the correlation of microstructure of 3DP-fabriated nanoceramic components with the mechanical properties. On the other hand, in the recent decade, the 'correlative' methodology of characterising microstructures from micro to nanoscale, involving a number of different structural and chemical characterisation techniques, for the study of a number of defects ranging from the equilibrium point (or 0-D) to non-equilibrium volume (or 3-D) defects, has been hugely employed in a number of metallic materials [19]-[21]. This has completely revolutionised the understanding of structure-property correlation and microstructural defects in these materials and paved a whole new dimension towards a systematic correlation of structure (ranging from bulk to nano-scale) to a wide range range of properties in these materials. However, in the context of 3DP-fabricated nanoceramic parts, at present, there is hardly report on understanding structure-property correlation using the aforementioned methodology. The present review is aimed to review some of the most commonly used 3DP techniques for the fabrication of nanoceramics and provide an overview of the future perspectives, associated with the necessity towards developing a systematic structure-property correlation through 'correlative' characterisation methodology in these materials.

At present, fabrication of ceramics using AM-based techniques mainly suffers from two primary limitations, viz: (i) low density and (ii) poor mechanical properties of the finished components. It is worth mentioning that the present state of research in the avenue of AM-based ceramics is focussed mainly on fabricating ceramic and cermet components with enhanced densities and improved mechanical properties. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, not much is known about the microstructure evolution and its correlation with the mechanical properties of the finished parts. Addressing the aforementioned avenue is highly essential for understanding the utilisation of these components for structural applications. To this end, the present review article is aimed to address the future perspectives in this avenue has been provided with a special emphasis on the need to establish a systematic structure-property correlation in these materials.

Akabane virus (AKAV) is a Culicoides-borne Orthobunyavirus that is teratogenic to the fetus of cattle and small ruminant species. To develop an effective diagnostic assay for the detection of AKAV, we generated and characterized one AKAV N-reactive monoclonal antibody (mAb) which was designated as 2D3. Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assays indicated that 2D3 could react with both recombinant N protein and AKAV isolate TJ2016. The linear epitope recognized by mAb 2D3 was located at amino acids 168-182 of AKAV N protein. Then, mAb 2D3 was applied to establish a double antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA), which was able to detect both the purified AKAV N protein (with detection limit of 6.25 ng/ml ) and AKAV-infected cell culture supernatant (with detection limit of 250 TCID 50/ml). Taken together, the successfully prepared mAb and the preliminarily established DAS-ELISA provide valuable materials and a promising method for the serological diagnosis of AKAV.

The last two decades have witnessed a large volume of research revolving around structure-property correlation in carbon-based nanocomposites, synthesized by several methods. In the simplest of terms, the electronic properties of these nanomaterials, which form the present context of discussion, vary mainly as a function of three parameters, out of which two are process parameters (viz. (i) the kind of reinforcement and (ii) method of synthesis), and one is a structure-dependent parameter. The structure-dependent parameter is highly influenced by the two process parameters and plays a vital role in determining the ionic and electronic transport phenomenon in these materials. In other words, the interaction between electrons and the equilibrium 0-D (point) defects, along with different types of 2-D interfaces, plays a crucial role in the understanding of electronic properties, apart from physical and chemical properties of these materials. The present chapter provides a brief overview of the state-of-the-art on research along with detailed discussions on some recent developments in understanding electronic properties of some conventional carbon-based nanocomposites (synthesized by different techniques) based on the structure-property correlation in these materials. Finally, some of the significant challenges in this field have been addressed from both industrial and fundamental viewpoints.

Rice genes namely TPP7 ( Trehalose Phosphate Phosphatase 7), Sub1A ( Submergence 1a) and their interactions regulate tolerance to submergence at germination and seedling stage, respectively. Sequential stress of initial submergence during the germination and subsequent seedling stage water deficit stresses are not properly addressed in direct seeded rice cultivation. In our initial linkage disequilibrium and meta-QTL analysis, Sub1 locus and TPP7 genes co-segregated for tolerance to submergence at germination and seedling stage and were in linkage disequilibrium only in aus subpopulations of rice. Phenotypically, root traits were positively correlated (correlation coefficient = >0.8) with seedling growth in germination under submergence and also in subsequent water deficit stresses in recombinant inbred lines developed from N22 and Bhalum 2 cross. Further, favourable alleles of Sub1 in N22 and 3’-UTR allele of TPP7 in Bhalum 2 enhanced the root traits (>20 per cent) and seedling survival (>25 per cent), respectively in germination under submergence stress. Additionally, the interaction of N22 alleles of Sub1 and TPP7 significantly enhanced the culm diameter and root dry weight in submergence at germination stress. Interestingly, two QTLs with high additive effects associated with sixteen different traits for submerged germination and water deficit tolerance traits were identified within the genomic regions spanning Sub1 and TPP7 genes (~4 Mbp) in Chr09 indicative of genomic region effects on the trait response rather than Sub1 and TPP7. Further, favourable haplotype within the Sub1 and TPP7 genomic region had an epistatic effect on trait responses and enhanced the crown root number, root dry weight, and specific root area by 11.45%, 15.69%, and 33.15% respectively in flooded germination condition, indicative of haplo-allelic contribution in trait response. A wall-associated kinase 79 ( WAK79) and malectin-like receptor-like kinase 59 ( MRLK59) were identified as candidate genes, that through regulation of cell wall elongation might coordinate the ‘haplogenic model’ of quantitative trait response under flooded germination, recovery, and subsequent water deficit conditions and thus, favourable haplotypes could be employed in direct seeded rice improvement.

Controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers (CRF) are widely used in agricultural production to reduce conventional fertilization-induced agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. However, the long-term effects and associated mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, this study investigated variations in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions at different growth stages under treatments of zeolite with CRF based on a 5-year field experiment. Results showed that both annual and yearly cumulative N 2O and CO 2 emissions were significantly reduced across all the three treatments relative to control. The treatment of nitrification inhibitor-controlled release N fertilizer with zeolite (T4) performed the best, followed by CRF (T3). Both the peak N 2O and CO 2 emissions occurred at the lotus stage. The crop nitrogen content of control was reduced by 12.5%, while the nitrogen content of other treatments was reduced by 5.90% to 11.4%. The T4 treatment delayed the oxidation of NH 4 + and reduced CO 2 emissions. The N 2O and CO 2 emission reductions significantly descended and then the decrement narrowed with the planting years increasing. Therefore, using blended controlled-release N fertilizer with zeolite to reduce chemical N application is a practically and environmentally friendly approach for greenhouse gases emissions reduction in the lettuce rotation system.

Increasing atmospheric CO 2 and drought are major symptoms of anthropogenic climate change with profound effects on plant growth. Transgenerational memory (i.e. influence of the parental environment on offspring phenotype and performance) has been suggested as a relevant mechanism for plants to build-up adaptative capacity for rapid environmental changes. However, this mechanism of pre-adaptation remains poorly investigated so far. We investigated intra- and transgenerational effects of elevated CO 2 on drought response of wheat. We used seeds from a FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) experiment with ambient and elevated CO 2 to grow plants in climate chambers in which we varied CO 2, atmospheric water demand and soil moisture. We quantified photosynthetic efficiency, stomatal sensitivity and biomass production. We observed intragenerational upregulation of photosynthetic efficiency but transgenerational downregulation of photosynthetic efficiency, stomatal sensitivity and water use efficiency as response to maternally elevated CO 2. Plant biomass was affected by drought and experimental CO 2 but not by maternal CO 2. Our study showcases the importance of transgenerational memory effects when studying climate change response of plants and could have major implications for our understanding of global dynamics of carbon sequestration. It highlights the pressing need for multi-generational experiments accounting for transgenerational memory effects of elevated CO 2.